People who have diabetes fall into one of two categories, referred to as type 1 and 2. Blood glucose levels are controlled by a complex interaction of multiple chemicals and hormones in the. Several distinct types of dm are caused by a complex interaction of genetics and environmental factors. This form of diabetes, which accounts for only 510% of all diabetes, is a juvenileonset diabetes. Introduction diabetes mellitus dm refers to a group of common metabolic disorders that share the phenotype of hyperglycemia. The etiologic classifications of diabetes mellitus are listed in table 2.
Diabetes is a defect in the bodys ability to convert glucose sugar to energy. Type 1 dm t1dm is characterized by a lack of insulin. Diabetes, or the symptoms of frequent urination and thirst, was recognized as early as 1550 bc in ancient egypt. Diabetes mellitus diabetes for short is a serious disease that occurs when your. Cells absorb glucose from the blood in the presence of insulin, and blood. This document provides an update on the guidance last published in 1999 2. O box 4384400100, nairobi 2department of pure and applied sciences, technical university of mombasa, p. Oct 06, 2015 introduction diabetes is the most common non communicable disease. Foods that affect blood sugars are called carbohydrates. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic endocrine disorder, characterized by hyperglycaemia resulting from absolute or relative insulin deficiency. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many complications.
Introduction to diabetes the genetic landscape of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes, also known as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, iddm, accounts for approximately 10% of diabetes cases. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that is characterized by disorders in carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism1. Some of the major symptoms which appear while this condition persists include the frequent urination, hunger, and thirst. Diabetes mellitus dm, commonly known as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a high blood sugar level over a prolonged period of time. As far as the major content of this book is concerned, it mainly focuses on diabetes insipidus and shows how far the study has gone in the pursuit of its cure. Type 1 diabetes, previously called insulindependent diabetes mellitus iddm or juvenile onset diabetes. Diabetes mellitus dm is considered a major global public health problem that is likely to be among the five leading causes of disease burden, with an estimated global prevalence of 4. It is estimated that in 2010 there were globally 285 millionpeople approximately 6. Targeting and monitoring glycemic control in nonpregnant adults with diabetes mellitus. Introduction diabetes is a condition that affects the way the body uses food. There are about 150 multiple choice question exercises in this book. Type i diabetes is usually diagnosed during childhood or young adulthood, which is why. The care and diagnosis of the patients are discussed in details.
Diabetes mellitus diabetes mellitus defines a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The new classification system american diabetes association 2004 identifies four types of diabetes mellitus. Promoting health and reducing disparities in populations diabetes and population health tailoring treatment to reduce disparities s11 2. The american diabetes association ada standards of medical care in diabetes, referred to as the standards of care, is intended to provide clinicians, patients, researchers, payers, and other interested individuals with the components of diabetes care, general treatment goals, and tools to evaluate the quality of care. Being a doctor or a student, it is important for you to understand the disease better. Diabetes mellitus an insightdiabetes mellitus is a disordercharacterized by increased bloodsugar hyperglycemia due todefective insulin secretion, insulinaction or both. In turn, these impose a heavy burden on health services. Studies have demonstrated that, in some countries, diabetes affects up to 10% of the population aged 20 years and older. Type 2 diabetes was previously called noninsulindependent diabetes mellitus niddm or adultonset diabetes. Diabetes mellitus dm also known as simply diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period this high blood sugar produces the. Racgp the introduction of insulin in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Increased blood glucose is a common effect of uncontrolled diabetes, and may. Physiology of diabetes free download as powerpoint presentation. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes, sometimes referred to as diabetes mellitus, is one of the most common medical conditions around the world, and this is true for both modern times as well as historically. Introduction available data from many countries of the eastern mediterranean region emr indicate that diabetes mellitus has become a problem of great magnitude and a major public health concern. Chronic complications of diabetes coronary heart dis. It is believed to be an autoimmune disorder that occurs when a virus causes inflammation of the beta cells in the pancreas. Introduction to diabetes mellitus request pdf researchgate. Different noninsulin therapies for the treatment are discussed. Its central disturbance appears to involve an abnormality either in the secretion of or effects produced by insulin although other factors also may be involved. The term diabetes the greek for siphon was coined by the greek physician aretaeus the cappadocian around a. More than 80% of diabetic deaths occur in low and middleincome countries 3. For the majority with type 2 diabetes mellitus t2dm, insulin therapy will be required to maintain optimal glycaemic control over time.
Definition, diagnosis and classification of world health organization. Aug 07, 2018 diabetes mellitus, also simply known as diabetes, is a condition in which the sugar levels in the blood exceed to a high extent. Diabetes mellitus, pathophysiology, pathogenesis, etiology. Introduction diabetes mellitus is a syndrome of disordered metabolism, usually due to a combination of hereditary and environmental causes, resulting in abnormally high blood sugar levels hyperglycemia. Introduction diabetes mellitus dm is a chronic disorder of. The latest technology to control diabetes mellitus is discussed. It also increases the risk of future type 2 diabetes and.
Type 2 diabetes may account for about 90 percent to 95 percent of all diagnosed cases of diabetes. Diabetes mellitus professor mamdouh elnahas professor of internal medicine endocrinology and diabetes unit. Njagi3 1department of biochemistry and biotechnology, kenyatta university, p. Risk factors for type 2 diabetes include older age, obesity, family history of diabetes, prior history of gestational diabetes, impaired. Diabetes mellitus dm is the term used to describe a group of similar disorders where aff. Journal of diabetes and its complications jdc is a journal for health care practitioners and researchers, that publishes original research about the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Scribd is the worlds largest social reading and publishing site. Dec 30, 2012 the chronic metabolic disorder diabetes mellitus is a fastgrowing global problem with huge social, health, and economic consequences. Jdc also publishes articles on physiological and molecular aspects of glucose homeostasis.
Also, given the markedly improved management possibilities of both types of diabetes more diabetic patients are able to compete at elite levels. When food is digested it is changed into fats, protein, or carbohydrates. The problems and challenges diabetes mellitus and its complications can cause severe problems for affected individuals and their families. The most common forms of diabetes include type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes.
Diabetes mellitus and the risk of fractures at specific sites. It is one of the most common metabolic syndromes, since there are 200 million diabetic individuals in the world. Type 1 diabetes mellitus type 1 diabetes mellitus juvenile diabetes is characterized by beta. In type 2 diabetes, your body does not use insulin properly. If you have diabetes, your body either doesnt make enough insulin, it cant use the insulin it does make very well, or both. Introduction diabetes mellitus dm is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a chronic hyperglycemic condition resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. Standards of medical care in diabetes2017 s1 introduction s3 professional practice committee s4 standards of medical care in diabetes2017. There are a number of different causes of diabetes but by far the majority of cases are classified as either type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Healthrelated quality of life in paediatric patients with. This chapter introduces the types of diabetes and diabetic complications. Review article diabetes mellitus a devastating metabolic. In 1674 a physician named willis coined the term diabetes mellitus from the greek word for honey. It is the fifth leading cause of death in the us center for disease control and prevention.
Diabetes mellitus is a complex syndrome that affects multiple organ systems. As of 20, 382 million people have diabetes worldwide who estimated that diabetes resulted in 1. Type 2 diabetes mellitus t2dm is the most prevalent, accounting for 95% of cases of diabetes diagnosed in adults. Type 1 diabetes mellitus t1dm occurs in approximately 5% of those diagnosed with diabetes. Diabetes mellitus dm is one of the top ten causes of global mortality, having killed 1. One in four latinos ages 35 and older with diabetes also has heart disease. Primary health care nurses competencies and resources. Alternatively, a person who acquires diabetes because of large doses of exogenous steroids may become normoglycemic once the glucocorticoids are discontinued, but then may develop diabetes many years. Symptoms often include frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger. The types of diabetes are type 1, type 2, and a condition called gestational diabetes, which happens when pregnant. Diabetes mellitus a devastating metabolic disorder 1, g. Introduction definition and diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance 2. Care of the patient with diabetes mellitus introduction diabetes mellitus dm is a chronic disease characterized by hyperglycemia.
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